HA-NEDD4WT (Addgene, 27002), and HA-NEDD4C867A (Addgene, 26999) were gifts from Dr. Joan Massague.58 (link) MYC-ULK1WT (Addgene, 27629), MYC-ULK1K46I (Addgene, 27630), and MYC-ULK1S4A (Addgene, 27631) were gifts from Dr. Reuben Shaw.59 (link) FLAG-ubiquitin WT and related mutants (K6WT, K11WT K27WT, K29WT, K33WT, K48WT, K63WT and KallR) were provided by the MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, UK. YFP-Atg8-family proteins encoding plasmids were a kind gift from Dr. Felix Randow (MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, UK). MYC-BECN1 plasmid (Biocat GmbH, MR207162-OR), MG132 (Merck Chemicals GmbH, 474791), Torin1 (Tocris Bioscience, 4247), cyclohexamide (Sigma-Aldrich, C1988) and choloroquine (Sigma-Aldrich, C6628) were purchased as indicated. Antibodies used in this study include: anti-ACTB (Sigma-Aldrich, A2228), anti-LC3 (MBL International, PM036), anti-human NEDD4 (Cell Signaling Technology, 3607), anti-mouse NEDD4 (BD Biosciences, 611481), anti-K48 ubiquitin (Merck Millipore, 05–1037), anti-K63 ubiquitin (Enzo Life Sciences, HWA4C4), anti-ubiquitin (FK2) (Enzo Life Sciences, BML-PW8810), rabbit anti-BECN1 (Cell Signaling Technology, 3495), mouse anti-BECN1 (Cell Signaling Technology, 4122), anti-ULK1 (Cell Signaling Technology, 8054), anti-LC3B (Sigma-Aldrich, L7543), anti-LAMP2 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, SC-18822).