The conjugation of fucoidan on the AuNR surface (Fu-AuNRs) was conducted following a previously reported method [22 (link)] based on the electrostatic interaction between the cationic –N+(CH3)3 group of CTAB and the anionic sulfate group of fucoidan (see the “Supplementary information” for details).
For the imaging of the AuNRs embedded onto solidified PVA, a PVA solution (20 mL) was prepared following a previously described protocol [23 ]. The AuNRs were fixed onto solidified PVA to investigate the scattering intensity bias from the chromatic aberrations of the illumination objective lens (see the “Supplementary information” for details).
In addition, the AuNRs and Fu-AuNRs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM, 2100F, JEOL Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) [24 (link)], UV–vis spectroscopy (MultiSpec-1501, Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan), dynamic light scattering (802DLS, Viscotek, Westborough, MA, USA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy (Perkin Elmer, Inc., Norwalk, CT, USA) [19 (link)] (see the “Supplementary information” for details).
For the imaging of the AuNRs embedded onto solidified PVA, a PVA solution (20 mL) was prepared following a previously described protocol [23 ]. The AuNRs were fixed onto solidified PVA to investigate the scattering intensity bias from the chromatic aberrations of the illumination objective lens (see the “Supplementary information” for details).
In addition, the AuNRs and Fu-AuNRs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM, 2100F, JEOL Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) [24 (link)], UV–vis spectroscopy (MultiSpec-1501, Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan), dynamic light scattering (802DLS, Viscotek, Westborough, MA, USA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy (Perkin Elmer, Inc., Norwalk, CT, USA) [19 (link)] (see the “Supplementary information” for details).
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