The purified viruses (about 100 μg HA protein) were mixed with Pierce IP lysis buffer (Thermo-Fisher, San Jose, CA) and Halt Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (Thermo-Fisher, San Jose, CA).24 (link) The viral membrane lysis was conducted according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The supernatant was collected after centrifugation, and the protein concentration was determined by Quant-iT Protein Assay Kit (Thermo-Fisher, San Jose, CA). The samples were then suspended in 100 μL of 100 mM ammonium bicarbonate buffer (Alfa Aesar, Tewksbury, MA) and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). After suspension, the samples were then digested in trypsin and cleaned up as aforementioned.