The PCR primers used for real-time qPCR of total bacteria [34 (link)], fungi [34 (link)], protozoa [35 (link)], methanogens [36 (link)], and SRB [37 (link)] are listed in Table S1. Real-time PCR was performed on a StepOnePlus system (Applied Biosystems, California, USA) using the SYBR Premix Ex Taq dye (Takara Bio Inc.). Copies of 16S rRNA gene (total bacteria), 18S rRNA gene (fungi and protozoa), methyl coenzyme-M reductase alpha subunit gene (mcrA, for methanogens), and dissimilatory sulfite reductase alpha subunit gene (dsrA, for SRB) in each sample was quantified in three technical replicate against respective standards, which were purified PCR products of known length and concentration. The absolute abundance of each microbial population was expressed as copies of the target gene/g of samples.
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