The finite-element method (FEM) has previously been used to model RF tumor or cardiac ablation [19 (link)–21 (link)]. Here we also used FEM to solve electromagnetic equations coupled with bioheat equations for bipolar electrodes in contact with tissue design to deliver a minimum ablation zone of 4 mm (W) × 10 mm (L) × 4 mm (H) within 60 s with a 500 kHz, 60 Vp-p signal and 3 W maximum.
COMSOL version 5.6 (COMSOL, Stockholm, Sweden) was used to generate geometric models, assign material properties and boundary conditions, define infinite element domains, generate meshes, and perform the coupled electromagnetic heating calculations. A coupled analysis was required since the electrical properties of tissue change with temperature and, therefore, the electric field profile must be recalculated at each time step. All analyses were performed on a PC equipped with an Intel® Core™ i7-9700 CPU @ 3 GHz, 64 GB of memory, and Windows 10 Home OS.
COMSOL version 5.6 (COMSOL, Stockholm, Sweden) was used to generate geometric models, assign material properties and boundary conditions, define infinite element domains, generate meshes, and perform the coupled electromagnetic heating calculations. A coupled analysis was required since the electrical properties of tissue change with temperature and, therefore, the electric field profile must be recalculated at each time step. All analyses were performed on a PC equipped with an Intel® Core™ i7-9700 CPU @ 3 GHz, 64 GB of memory, and Windows 10 Home OS.
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