Twenty-five measures were included (19 in Analysis 1), as shown in Table 3 . These included number of child psychopathology symptoms (five measures), as well as measures of child exposure to criminal and traumatic events, bullying (two measures), emotion comprehension (three measures) and MacArthur Story Stem Battery (MSSB, [24 ]) assessed children’s representations of their parents and their emotions (eight measures).
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Tables 2 and 3 ).
Measures of child outcome dataset at Phase 2.
| Measure | Description |
|---|---|
| ADHD symptoms | Number of ADHD symptoms Child symptoms originally reported by child and judged by clinician in accordance with DSM-V [64 ] |
| Behavioral disorders symptoms | Combined number of child symptoms originally reported by child and judged by clinician of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorders symptoms in accordance with DSM-V [64 ] |
| Depression symptoms | Number of depression symptoms Child symptoms originally reported by child and judged by clinician in accordance with DSM-V [64 ]. |
| Anxiety disorders symptoms | Combined number of child symptoms originally reported by child and judged by clinician for generalized anxiety disorder and separation anxiety disorder in accordance with DSM-V [64 ]. |
| PTSD symptoms | Number of child PTSD symptoms originally reported by child and judged by clinician in accordance with DSM-5 [64 ]. |
| Bullying (perpetration) | Experiences of bullying, measured with the school life survey [66 ] |
| Bullying: victimization | Experiences of being the victim of bullying, measured with the school life survey [66 ] |
| Emotion comprehension: external emotions understanding | Test of emotion comprehension [69 ], subscale to measure understanding of facial emotions and external causes of emotion |
| Emotion comprehension: mental understanding | Test of emotion comprehension [69 ], subscale to measure understanding of belief-based emotions, and possibility of hidden emotions |
| Emotion comprehension: reflective capacities | Test of emotion comprehension [69 ], subscale to measure understanding of mixed emotions, emotion regulation, and self-reflection |
| VEX Total physical and nonphysical | Reported exposure to violence and criminal activity according to the clinician-administered Violent Experiences Scale (VEX-R) [72 ]. Cronbach’s alpha (English version): between 0.72 and 0.86 [72 ] |
| MacArthur: avoidant strategies | Number of behaviors and strategies by child that keep a story from moving forward [65 ] |
| MacArthur: dissociative strategies | Number of dissociative behaviors by child during stories [73 (link)] |
| MacArthur: Negative Parent: ineffectual | Child represents parents as ineffectual to address story stem challenges [65 ] |
| MacArthur: Negative Parent: harsh | Child represents parents as harsh as they address story challenges [65 ] |
| MacArthur: Negative story endings | Number of stories that have emotionally negative endings [65 ] |
| MacArthur: Aggression overall sum | Overall sum of aggressions incorporated in stories [65 ] |
| MacArthur: Atypical negative | Percent stories with atypical, often bizarre, representation with negative connotation [65 ] |
| MacArthur: Danger | Sum of diverse danger situations child includes in stories [65 ] |
| CBCL internalizing | Internalizing symptoms according to the child Behavior Checklist [67 , 68 (link)] |
| CBCL: Externalizing symptoms | Externalizing symptoms according to the Child Behavior Checklist. |
| School Life: temperament: negative reactivity | Negative reactivity, i.e.,strong reactions emotional/behavioral reactions to experiencing negative events as measured in the SATI [70 ]. Cronbach’s alpha (English version) >0.89 [71 (link)] |
| School Life: Temperament: Task Persistence | Task persistence, i.e., Failure to persist or self-direct with tasks and chores, as measured by the SATI. Cronbach’s alpha (English version) >0.89 [71 (link)] |
| School Life: Temperament: approach/withdrawal | Tendency to be shy, withdraw or not approach others as measured by SATI. Cronbach’s alpha (English version) >0.84 [71 (link)] |
| School Life: Temperament: Activity | High and potentially hyper or impulsive activity as measured by the SATI. Cronbach’s alpha (English version) >0.80 [71 (link)] |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; K-SADS, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-aged Children; MSSB, MacArthur Story Stem Battery; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; SATI, School-Age Temperament Inventory; VEX-R, Violence Exposure Scale—Revised.
As reported by the mother, only part of Analysis 2, but not of Analysis 1 analysis.
