Western Blotting of DNA Damage Markers

Western blotting was performed as previously described^{26 (link)}. The primary antibodies used in this study are as follow: anti-ATM (1:1000, CST), anti-p-ATM (S1981) (1:1000, CST), anti-H2AX (1:1000, CST), anti-γ-H2AX (S391) (1:1000, CST), anti-GAPDH (1:1000, CST), anti-PFKP (1:1000, CST), anti-B56γ2 (1:1000 Abcam), anti-CS (1:1000, CST), anti-E-Cadherin (1:1000, CST), anti-Vimentin (1:1000, CST), anti-ERK (1:1000, CST), anti-p-ERK (1:1000, CST), anti-AKT (1:1000, CST), anti-p-AKT (1:1000, CST), anti-Ub (1:2000, Abcam), anti-UbR5 (1:1000, Abcam), anti-HIF1A (1:1000, Abcam), anti-MMP2 (1:1000, Abcam), and anti-MMP9 (1:1000, Abcam). The proteins were visualized using the enhanced chemiluminescence system (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). All experiments were performed at least three times.