Single PCR was used to detect resistance genes of tetracyclines (tetW, tetA33, tetL, tetM, tetO, tetK and tet32), macrolides (ermX and ermB), and aminoglycosides (aadA1, aadA9, aadA11, aacC, strA-strB, aph(3’)-IIIa and aac(6’)-aph(2”)), as well as integrase genes (intI I and intI II) and gene cassette region.7 (link),25–27 (link) Briefly, the genomic DNA was extracted using the Bacterial DNA Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer’s protocol. The PCR products were analyzed using 1.0% agarose gel electrophoresis. Subsequently, DNA sequencing was carried out on gene cassette region. The data analysis of the gene cassettes was similar to that of the 16S rRNA gene. Similarly, genes encoding virulence factors pyolysin (plo), neuraminidases (nanH and nanP), collagen binding protein (cbpA) and fimbriae (fimA, fimC, fimE and fimG) were also determined by single PCR as previously described7 (link) (Figure 1).