EVs were isolated from culture supernatants using the ExoQuick-TC Ultra kit (SBI, Palo Alto, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The protein content of the isolated EVs was determined using the Micro BCA assay kit (ThermoFisher Scientific, Oregon City, OR, USA), and their quantification was analyzed using the CD63, CD9, and CD81 ExoELISA-Ultra kits (SBI, Palo Alto, CA, USA), as recently described [27 (link),32 (link)]. For the treatment of cultured cells, 2 × 108 EVs were employed.
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