Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles During COVID-19

The antimicrobial resistance profiles were provided by Phoenix BD automated system (Becton Dickinson Franklin Lakes, NJ, EUA); according to manufacturing protocols, each panel was standardized for Gram-positive and Gram-negative AST profiles comprehending the list below:
Aminoglycoside: Amikacin (AMK), Gentamicin (GEN), Synergism Gentamicin (SGEN), Synergism Streptomycin (SSTP), Tobramycin (TOB); Cephalosporins: Cefepime (FEP), Cefoxitin (FOX), Ceftaroline (CPT), Ceftazidime (CAZ), Ceftazidime + Avibactam (CZA), Ceftriaxone (CRO), Cefuroxime (CXM), Cefazolin (CZ); Quinolones: Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Norfloxacin (NX), Levofloxacin (LVX); Penicillin: Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid (AMC), Ampicillin (AMP), Ampicillin/Sulbactam (SAM), Oxacillin (OXA), Penicillin (PEN), Piperacillin/Tazobactam (TZP); Carbapenems: Ertapenem (ETP), Imipenem (IPM), Meropenem (MEM); Glycopeptides: Teicoplanin (TEC), Vancomycin (VAN): Macrolide: Erythromycin (ERY), Rifampicin (RIP): Lincosamides: Clindamycin (CLI); Oxazolidinone: Linezolid (LZD); Tetracycline: Tetracycline (TET), Minocycline (MIN); Sulfonamides: Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim (STX); Nitroimidazoles: Nitrofurantoin (NIT); Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol (C); Phosphonate: Fosfomycin (FOS); Glycylcyclines: Tigecycline (TGC); Polypeptide: Colistin (CL); Lipopeptides: Daptomycin (DAP).
The resistance profile was classified as resistant (R), and susceptible (S). Any isolate with resistance to three or more classes of antimicrobial agents was classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) according to the definition proposed by Magiorakos et al. (2012) (link). Some of the clinical isolates were retrieved at the moment of hospitalization for epidemiological active surveillance and infection control. A total of 256 isolates were included in the study and 196 had the antimicrobial susceptibility test performed (Table 1).
Data for new COVID-19 cases for each month were obtained from the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MS) and the State Health Department of Rio de Janeiro, compiled by Cota (2020) .
The prevalence of bacteria species in pediatric, neonatal-ICU, and gynecology/obstetrics wards during the pandemic period was evaluated. In order to compare these three wards with other hospital wards, a total of 2,551 bacteria isolates were recovered from the HICC-HUAP.

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Pinheiro F.R., Rozza-de-Menezes R.E., Blum M.C., Pereira R.F., Rocha J.A., Guedes Pinto M.C., Penna B.A., Riley L.W, & Aguiar-Alves F. (2023). Evaluation of changes in antimicrobial susceptibility in bacteria infecting children and their mothers in pediatric, neonatal-intensive care unit, and gynecology/obstetrics wards of a quaternary referral hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1096223.

Publication 2023

Amikacin Aminoglycoside Amoxicillin clavulanic acid Amphenicol Ampicillin Ampicillin sulbactam Antimicrobial Bacteria Carbapenems Cefazolin Cefepime Cefoxitin Ceftaroline Ceftazidime Ceftazidime avibactam Ceftriaxone Cefuroxime Cephalosporins Chloramphenicol Ciprofloxacin Clindamycin Colistin Covid 19 Daptomycin Ertapenem Erythromycin Fosfomycin Gentamicin Glycopeptides Glycylcyclines Hospitalization Imipenem Infection control Levofloxacin Lincosamides Linezolid Lipopeptides Macrolide Meropenem Minocycline Neonatal Nitrofurantoin Nitroimidazoles Norfloxacin Oxacillin Oxazolidinone Pandemic Penicillin Phosphonate Piperacillin tazobactam Polypeptide Quinolones Rifampicin Streptomycin Sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim Sulfonamides Susceptibility Teicoplanin Tetracycline Tigecycline Tobramycin Vancomycin

Corresponding Organization : Palm Beach Atlantic University

Other organizations : Berkeley Public Health Division, University of California, Berkeley, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro

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Variable analysis

independent variables

Pandemic period

dependent variables

Prevalence of bacteria species in pediatric, neonatal-ICU, and gynecology/obstetrics wards
Antimicrobial resistance profiles

control variables

Other hospital wards (2,551 bacteria isolates recovered from the HICC-HUAP)

controls

No positive or negative controls were explicitly mentioned in the input.

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