Data sources for TB within the GBD 2019 data can be explored using the online GBD Results Tool (https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/). The ICD-10 codes for TB are A10–A19.9, B90–B90.9, K67.3, K93.0, M49.0, and P37.0, while the ICD 9 codes are 010–019.9, 137–137.9, 138.0, 138.9, 139.9, 320.4, and 730.4–730.6. The GBD Results Tool is a data set developed and supported by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, which is an independent global health research center based at the University of Washington. This database provides epidemiological information on 369 diseases and injuries during 1990–2019 for 23 age groups; for males, females, and both sexes combined; and for 204 countries and territories that were grouped into 21 regions and 7 superregions. Previous studies have described the method of estimating TB incidence from the GBD database in detail (GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators, 2020 (link); GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators, 2020 (link)). Briefly, the TB data were derived from population-based surveys on tuberculin and cohort studies that examined the risk of developing active TB disease as a function of induration size. An updated systematic review was performed on the GBD 2019 which included routine surveillance and surveys reported to the WHO and the risk of MDR-TB (Mesfin et al., 2014 (link); GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators, 2020 (link)). From the GBD 2019 database, we extracted the age-related number of cases and age-standardized rates (ASRs) or incidence rates during 2010–2019 globally among 5 socio-demographic index (SDI) regions, 21 geographical regions, and 204 countries and territories. The rates expressed as age-standardised are based on the GBD reference population (GBD 2017 Mortality Collaborators, 2018 (link)). In the GBD, the range of data point estimates is not expressed using 95% confidence intervals (CIs), but instead using 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Every estimate was calculated 1,000 times, and then the 95% UI was determined by the 25th and 97fifth value of the 1,000 values after ordering them from smallest to largest (Bu et al., 2022 (link)). We also extracted the SDI of each country and region. SDI is a compound measure of income, average years of schooling, and the fertility in each location and year in the GBD database that is used to measure socio-demographic development (Pan et al., 2020b (link)). It is the geometric mean of the 0 to 1 index of total fertility rate under 25 years of age, average education level of the population aged 15 and over, and lagging income per capita (GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators, 2018 (link)). The location with an SDI of 0 will have a theoretical minimum level of development related to health, while the location with an SDI of 1 will have a theoretical maximum level of development. For GBD 2019, the values of SDI were multiplied by 100 on a scale of 0–100 (GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators, 2020 (link)). It is divided into five levels: high, middle-high, middle, low-middle, and low.
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