DNA for samples from MO, CB, BI, COP, and JP was extracted from blood samples using QIAGEN DNeasy Blood and Tissue kits. The digestion step was modified to include 40 μl proteinase K and extended to 3 h for blood samples. Details of the modifications made to the protocols for tissue samples are available in (Younger, Clucas, et al. 2015 ; Younger, Emmerson, et al. 2015 (link)). All these samples were treated with 1 μl Riboshredder (Epicentre) to reduce RNA contamination and DNA was visualized on a 1% agarose gel to confirm high-molecular weight DNA was present. DNA concentration and purity were measured on a Qubit and Nanodrop (Thermofisher Scientific), respectively. These samples are stored at the University of Oxford for future analysis. DNA from all other sampling sites was isolated using a modified salt protocol (Aljanabi and Martínez 1997 (link)), with details in Vianna et al. (2017) (link), stored at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile for future analysis.
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