The NHLBI REDS-III RBC-Omics Study was a multi-center study enrolling 13,403 blood donors.20 (link) This cohort was gen- otyped using a customized Affymetrix Axiom Array with approximately 879,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).22 (link) Participants were stratified by sex and categorized into six groups that approximated the longitudinal groups (Figure 1B), differing by selection of females with a previous low hemoglobin deferral, instead of frequent first-time females, who could not be defined because of the cross-sectional study design. Groups 1 (2198 females) and 2 (1800 males) consisted of first-time or reactivated donors. Groups 3 (807 females) and 4 (183 males) had at least one low hemoglobin deferral in the previous 2 years. Groups 5 (818 females) and 6 (1652 males) had at least 8 whole blood donations within the prior 2 years. Iron supplement and cigarette use were obtained by survey.20 (link) Ferritin and CBC were performed as described.20 (link),23 (link)