Transient plasmid transfection was carried out as previously described 42 (link) using constitutively active TRIF, MAVS or the pUNO1 control vector (Invivogen, France), 0.25μg CXCL8 or IFN-β reporter were kindly provided by Dr MR Edwards (Imperial College, London), 0.1μg of Renilla plasmid (Promega, Southampton, UK) and Superfect transfection reagent (Quiagen, Manchester, UK). At 5h post transfection, cells were washed and treated with SAPS at the indicated concentrations. Lysates were harvested at 24h, and luciferase measured according to the dual luciferase protocol (Promega, Southampton, UK) using a Berthold luminometer (Berthold Technologies, Herts, UK) with data expressed as ratios of firefly over renilla luciferase.