Male athymic nude mice (6 weeks old) were purchased from Taconic (Hudson, NY) and maintained and treated under specific pathogen-free conditions. Experiments were carried out under a protocol approved by the University of Kentucky Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. For the experimental lung metastasis assay, cells with co-expression of firefly luciferase and GFP were injected into the tail vein (1 × 106/mouse) of athymic nude mice (n = 6/group) as described60 (link). To monitor metastasis, mice and lung tissues were imaged with luciferase signals using the IVIS Spectrum system and results were analyzed by the Living Image 3.0 software (Caliper Life Science).
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