DNA fragmentation was assayed using a Cell Death Detection ELISA PLUS (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Anchorage-independent growth (AIG) was assayed as described previously (9 (link)). For each cell line, 1 × 104 cells were suspended in a top layer of 0.36% noble agar (USB Corporation) and a bottom layer of 0.4% agar both in RPMI-1640 + 10% FBS in a 6-well culture dish. After 1–3 weeks, colonies were stained with Nitrotetrazolium Blue chloride (NBT; Sigma) and photographed with a S600 Canon camera. Colonies were quantified with ImageJ analysis software.