Vestibular Disorder Diagnosis Criteria

According to the time characteristics of vestibular symptoms onset, patients can be classified into acute, episodic, or chronic vestibular syndrome (AVS, EVS, or CVS) (21 (link)). All diagnoses were made by the senior authors (ZXW and XY) according to widely accepted diagnostic criteria for each vestibular disorder or the international classification of vestibular disorders (ICVD) criteria when available (22 (link)–26 (link)). The published diagnostic criteria consensus includes acute unilateral vestibulopathy (AUVP)/VN (26 (link)), persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) (23 (link)), VM (25 (link)), VM of childhood (24 (link)), and MD (22 (link)). Besides, probably labyrinthine infarction was diagnosed in older patients with sudden onset of unilateral deafness and vertigo, especially when there is a history of stroke or known vascular risk factors (27 (link)). Benign recurrent vertigo (BRV) was diagnosed when patients showed spontaneous rotational vertigo or instability; symptoms that were not triggered by changes in position, lasting longer than 1 min; normal audiogram or symmetric hearing loss; no cochlear symptoms (tinnitus or stuffiness) during the attack phase; no migraine or migraine aura in the acute phase (26 (link), 28 (link)). Isolated acute unilateral utricular vestibulopathy was diagnosed in patients with acute onset of postural imbalance, which can be diagnosed by ocular VEMP (26 (link)).