Fasting blood samples (10 ml) were obtained after a 12-hour overnight fasting. Serum and plasma isolations were done using centrifugation at 4500 rpm at 4 °C for 10 min immediately. Then, aliquots were frozen at − 80 °C until use. Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and serum glucose concentrations were measured using a commercial kit (Pars Azmoon, Tehran, Iran). Serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated by Friedewald’s equation using TC, TG, and HDL-C concentrations [35 (link)]. In addition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to detect insulin levels. Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance Index (HOMA-IR) and Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) were calculated according to the specified formula [36 (link), 37 (link)]. Moreover, plasma Agouti-Related Peptide (Ag-RP) and α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (α-MSH) were assayed using ELISA kits (Bioassay Technology Laboratory, China).
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