Thickness of the electrodes is about 25 nm, which maintains their transparent nature and allows observation of biological cells between the electrode pairs under a microscope. Most previous studies used ITO as transparent electrodes. However, resistivity of ITO (3.0–160×10−4 Ω.cm [47 ]) is higher than gold (2.04×10−5 Ω.cm [48 ]). Transparency of thin gold electrodes combined with its low resistivity, bio-compatibility [49 (link)], and chemical inertness led us to select gold as the electrode material. In order to image the biological cells, microfluidic device is placed on an inverted microscope stage (Olympus IX81). The inlet port is connected to a syringe pump to feed the microfluidic device with 1% yeast cell suspension (88×106 cells/ml) at 1ml/hr flow rate, and outlet port is connected to a drain. Electrical ports are connected to a function generator (Tektronix AFG3102) which is programmed to apply AC signals with a desired amplitude and frequency for DEP assisted loading and unloading of the micro-wells. After capturing the cells, the electrical ports are connected to high and low terminals of a high precision impedance analyzer (HP Agilent 4194A) through a test fixture (HP 16047A). Impedance measurements are performed in 1 kHz–40 MHz frequency range, and the measured data is recorded using MATLAB R2014b software.