Calcium measurements using fura-2 were generated using an epifluorescence inverted microscope equipped with a ×20 fluorite objective (33 (link)). Changes in cytosolic calcium levels were monitored in single cells using excitation light provided by a Xenon arc lamp, the beam passing monochromator at 340 and 380 nm (Cairn Research, UK). The emitted fluorescence light was reflected through a 515-nm long pass filter to a cooled CCD camera (Retiga, QImaging, Canada) and digitized to 12-bit resolution. All imaging data were collected and analyzed using software from Andor (Belfast, UK).
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