All solvents were HPLC grade, and chemicals were reagent grade. We
purchased acetonitrile, ethanol, 0.1% formic acid in water, methanol,
water, and ammonium fluoride from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA);
ascorbic acid, sodium acetate, and Helix pomatia β-glucuronidase type
H-1 (β-glucuronidase ≥300,000 units/g, sulfatase ≥10,000
units/g) from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). We obtained
1-hydroxynaphthalene (1-OH-NAP), 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OH-NAP),
2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OH-FLU), 3-hydroxyfluorene (3-OH-FLU),
1-hydroxyphenanthrene (1-OH-PHE), 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene,
4-hydroxyphenanthrene (4-OH-PHE), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-PYR), and their
corresponding 13C-labeled internal standards (IS, listed inTable 1 ) from Cambridge Isotope
Laboratories (Andover, MA, USA).
We purchased smokers’ urine samples from BioreclamationIVT
(Westbury, NY, USA). We also collected urine anonymously in 2015 from non-smoker
adult volunteers with no documented occupational exposure to PAHs in Atlanta,
GA. We obtained two Standard Reference Materials® (SRMs), SRM 3672
(smoker urine) and SRM 3673 (non-smoker urine), from the US National Institute
of Standards and Technology (NIST) (Gaithersburg, MD, USA). All urine specimens
were stored upon collection or arrival at −70 °C until use.
Appropriate safety control measures (including engineering,
administrative, and personal protective equipment) were used for all procedures
based on a site-specific risk assessment that identified physical, health, and
procedural hazards.
purchased acetonitrile, ethanol, 0.1% formic acid in water, methanol,
water, and ammonium fluoride from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA);
ascorbic acid, sodium acetate, and Helix pomatia β-glucuronidase type
H-1 (β-glucuronidase ≥300,000 units/g, sulfatase ≥10,000
units/g) from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). We obtained
1-hydroxynaphthalene (1-OH-NAP), 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OH-NAP),
2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OH-FLU), 3-hydroxyfluorene (3-OH-FLU),
1-hydroxyphenanthrene (1-OH-PHE), 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene,
4-hydroxyphenanthrene (4-OH-PHE), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-PYR), and their
corresponding 13C-labeled internal standards (IS, listed in
Laboratories (Andover, MA, USA).
We purchased smokers’ urine samples from BioreclamationIVT
(Westbury, NY, USA). We also collected urine anonymously in 2015 from non-smoker
adult volunteers with no documented occupational exposure to PAHs in Atlanta,
GA. We obtained two Standard Reference Materials® (SRMs), SRM 3672
(smoker urine) and SRM 3673 (non-smoker urine), from the US National Institute
of Standards and Technology (NIST) (Gaithersburg, MD, USA). All urine specimens
were stored upon collection or arrival at −70 °C until use.
Appropriate safety control measures (including engineering,
administrative, and personal protective equipment) were used for all procedures
based on a site-specific risk assessment that identified physical, health, and
procedural hazards.
