Xenopus neural crest was labelled with nuclear-RFP/membrane-GFP or membrane-RFP/nuclear-GFP. In vitro analysis of neural crest migration was performed using Xenopus neural crest cultured on fibronectin-coated plates. For in vivo studies we used Xenopus embryos grafted with labelled neural crest or zebrafish transgenic lines embryos that express cytoplasm or membrane-GFP under the neural crest promoter sox10. Time-lapse was carried out using DIC or fluorescent/confocal microscopy. FRET analysis was performed as described in14 (link). For full methods, see Supplementary Material.