The following rabbit antibodies were used: Atg16L1 (#PA1-18296 Thermo Scientific), beclin-1 (#sc-11427 Santa Cruz), and LC3 (#L7543 Sigma, #PM036 MBL). The following mouse antibodies were used: beta-actin (#sc-81178 Santa Cruz), galectin-3 (#556904 BD Pharmingen), and ubiquitin (FK2, #BML-PW8810 Enzo Life Sciences). Pam3CSK4 was purchased from Invivogen. The synthetic SL analog (2,3-dipalmitoyl-2′-sulfate-α-α′-d-trehalose) we used was a kind gift from Drs. Jacques Prandi and Martine Gilleron (Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, Toulouse) [28 (link),29 (link)]. The DIMs were prepared as previously described [30 (link)].
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