Endomicroscopy experiments were performed on adult male MC4R-Cre mice (8 to 14 wk old). Viral injections of Cre-dependent AAV viral vectors expressing GCAMP6s were targeted to the PVN in MC4R-Cre mice, as previously described (53 (link)). In the same surgery, a GRIN lens (0.6 × 7 mm; Inscopix) was implanted 0.2 μ m above the viral injection site in PVN. The GRIN lens was secured to the skull using Metabond, and mice were single caged and returned to the general housing area for recovery from surgical procedures. Three to four weeks following virus injection and GRIN lens placement, baseplates were attached above the GRIN lens to enable mounting of a miniaturized single-photon microscope (Inscopix). The following week, animals were anesthetized under light anesthesia (1% flow rate), and changes in calcium signals were recorded using the nVoke miniature microscope (Inscopix).