The biofilms were developed on 96-well flat-bottomed polystyrene microtitre plates (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany) by using different media and growth conditions depending on the species. The OD600 of each inoculum was read and adjusted to reach a final concentration in each well of 1.0 × 105 CFU/mL. More details are given as follows:

Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 was grown in Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB; Oxoid Limited, Hampshire, United Kingdom), and the biofilm was developed in MHB for 24 h of incubation at 37°C in static and aerobic conditions;

Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 growth and biofilm formation were conducted in Luria Bertani Broth (LB; Oxoid Limited, Hampshire, United Kingdom) for 24 h of incubation at 37°C in static and aerobic conditions;

Streptococcus mutans UA 159 was grown in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI; Oxoid Limited, Hampshire, United Kingdom), and the biofilm was developed in BHI + 1% of sucrose (BHIS) for 24 h of incubation at 37°C in static and anaerobic conditions;

Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 was grown in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB; Oxoid Limited, Hampshire, United Kingdom), and the biofilm was developed in TSB + 1% of glucose (TSBG) for 24 h of incubation at 37°C in static and aerobic conditions;

Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586 growth and biofilm formation were conducted in BHI for 48 h of incubation at 37°C in static and anaerobic conditions.

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