Patients were imaged using a 3T MRI system (Signa EXCITE HDxt, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI) in the supine position with an eight-channel torso phased-array coil centered over the liver. A dielectric pad was placed between the coil and the abdomen. Each examination included single voxel MRS, and the following CSE-MRI acquisitions: MRI-M, Hi-SNR MRI-M, MRI-C, and Hi-SNR MRI-C. MRI methods assumed monoexponential R2* signal decay and applied a 6peak fat spectral model derived from human triglyceride composition [16 (link)]. A rectangular field of view was adjusted depending on body habitus and breath-hold capacity. The Hi-SNR methods obtained larger voxels by decreasing the matrix size, avoiding parallel imaging, and for MRI-C, by also decreasing the receiver bandwidth. Depending on the specific imaging parameters for any given patient, this resulted in an estimated SNR increase 2.0–2.4-fold for MRI-M and 3.13.5-fold for MRI-C. Previous studies have suggested that Hi-SNR methods may estimate PDFF with higher precision than standard methods, especially in the low PDFF range relevant to splenic measurements [15 ]. Acquisition parameters are summarized in Table 1 and Table 2.