Rats were euthanized at 8 h after the LPS challenge, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected as previously described [9 (link),10 (link)]. Briefly, the right main bronchus was ligated, and a catheter was inserted into the trachea. Double-lavage procedures were performed using 0.5 mL of normal saline to pass through the catheter twice. The BALF samples were kept on ice prior to cell counting. Total cell counts in the BALF were determined with a cell counter (Coulter Inc., Miami, FL, USA).
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