Pain Prevalence and Opioid Use

In this paper, we examined two outcomes, (1) experience of recurrent pain, measured by the question “Do you suffer from pain that occurs frequently?” (Yes/No), and (2) use of prescription opioids among those who responded “yes” to outcome 1, measured by the question “In the last 3 months, have you taken pain medications that require a prescription such as pain relievers that contain codeine or morphine (Fiorional, Tylex, Duramorf, Demerol, Durogesic, OxyContin, Codex, Percodan, Dimorf, Tramadol)?” (Yes/No). Due to a skip pattern in the questionnaire, we were not able to measure prescription opioid use in the full sample of participants, but only among those who reported pain based on question 1.

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Mullachery P.H., Lima-Costa M.F, & de Loyola Filho A.I. (2023). Prevalence of pain and use of prescription opioids among older adults: results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). Lancet Regional Health - Americas, 20, 100459.

Publication 2023

Codeine Demerol Durogesic Medications Morphine Opioid Oxycontin Pain Pain relievers Percodan Tramadol

Corresponding Organization : Temple University

Other organizations : Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz

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Variable analysis

independent variables

None explicitly mentioned

dependent variables

Experience of recurrent pain, measured by the question 'Do you suffer from pain that occurs frequently?' (Yes/No)
Use of prescription opioids among those who responded 'yes' to the first outcome, measured by the question 'In the last 3 months, have you taken pain medications that require a prescription such as pain relievers that contain codeine or morphine (Fiorional, Tylex, Duramorf, Demerol, Durogesic, OxyContin, Codex, Percodan, Dimorf, Tramadol)?' (Yes/No)

control variables

None explicitly mentioned

notes

According to the input, the researchers did not explicitly manipulate any independent variables. The two measured outcomes were the experience of recurrent pain and the use of prescription opioids among those who reported experiencing recurrent pain.
The researchers were not able to measure prescription opioid use in the full sample of participants due to a skip pattern in the questionnaire, but only among those who reported pain based on the first question.

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