Microarray data was quantile normalized using the LIMMA Bioconductor package. Log2 ratios were then imported into Agilent Genomics Workbench (Agilent Technologies), following which the BATMAN algorithm was used to infer the methylation statuses associated with each probe47 (link). Mean methylation states were calculated for probes within a 1,000-bp window and termed a region of interest (ROI). ROIs were then filtered to those with greater than 4 probes and mapped to autosomal chromosomes. ROIs exhibiting a standard deviation greater than 0.65 were used for subgroup assignment as described below. Comparisons between subgroups were performed using a Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and P values were corrected for multiple testing using the Benjamini–Hochberg method. For comparisons of DNA methylation and other factors in this manuscript a Wilcoxon test was used and corrected for multiple testing, such that no assumptions were made regarding the normality of the data distributions.