Cellular protein lysates were prepared by homogenization with 1× RIPA lysis buffer (Cell Signaling Technology, Billerica, MA). Protein concentrations were measured using a protein assay dye (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA). SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting analysis were performed as described previously3 (link). The detecting antibodies were raised against E-cadherin (ab76055, abcam), vimentin (2707-1 epitomics), α-SMA (ab5694, abcam), fibronectin (ab2413, abcam), WNT5A (MA5-15502, Invitrogen), β-catenin (13-8400, Invitrogen), NF-κB (ab32536, abcam), MMP-9 (13667, CST), and GAPDH (GTX627408, GeneTex).
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