Human liver cancer cell lines (Huh‐7, SK‐Hep‐1, Hep 3B, and Hep G2), murine liver cancer cell line (Hepa 1‐6), and HEK‐293T cells were purchased from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). The human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). The human immortalized liver cell line Hep Li5 was kindly donated by Professor Lanjuan Li (State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China) [21 (link)]. The cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were kindly donated by Zhentao Yang (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China) [22 (link)]. All cells in this study were cultured in the recommended medium (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA) and maintained at 37°C in a 5% CO2 incubator. A MycAway Plus‐Color Mycoplasma Test Kit (YEASEN, Shanghai, China) was used to detect mycoplasma contamination.