Each participant had a clinical examination that included completion of clinical assessments and questionnaires and measurement of height and weight (6 ). The study used standardized instruments to determine information about health behaviors, medical history, and demographics. Study procedures included a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) except for those who had fasting plasma glucose (FPG) >150 mg/dL and those reporting being previously diagnosed with diabetes. Participants were required to fast for at least 8 h prior to the visit, consuming only water and necessary medications. Venous blood specimens were collected, processed, and frozen on site toward the beginning of the visit and also 2 h after a 75 g glucose load. Plasma glucose was assessed using a hexokinase enzymatic method (Roche Diagnostics Corporation, Indianapolis, IN). Glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) was measured in EDTA whole blood using a Tosoh G7 automated high-performance liquid chromatography analyzer (Tosoh Bioscience Inc., San Francisco, CA). Throughout the 3-year exam period, collection of blinded repeat blood samples and repeated random measurements of clinical procedures were used as quality control procedures.
Self-report obtained by interview with certified assessors was used to define personal and family history of medical diagnoses such as diabetes; being aware of diabetes; and demographic variables, including age, sex, Hispanic/Latino background, income, education, and length of residence in the U.S. (but not territories). Height and weight were measured to the nearest 1.0 cm and 0.1 kg, respectively, with participants wearing light clothing. BMI was calculated as kg/m2. Inventory methods were used to list all currently used medications. Diabetes was defined as either FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L), a 2-h postload glucose level (2-h OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL (11.2 mmol/L), A1C level ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol), or documented use of hypoglycemic agents (scanned medications). The American Diabetes Association goal for A1C level of <7.0% (53 mmol/mol) was used to define glycemic control.
Self-report obtained by interview with certified assessors was used to define personal and family history of medical diagnoses such as diabetes; being aware of diabetes; and demographic variables, including age, sex, Hispanic/Latino background, income, education, and length of residence in the U.S. (but not territories). Height and weight were measured to the nearest 1.0 cm and 0.1 kg, respectively, with participants wearing light clothing. BMI was calculated as kg/m2. Inventory methods were used to list all currently used medications. Diabetes was defined as either FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L), a 2-h postload glucose level (2-h OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL (11.2 mmol/L), A1C level ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol), or documented use of hypoglycemic agents (scanned medications). The American Diabetes Association goal for A1C level of <7.0% (53 mmol/mol) was used to define glycemic control.
