Total mRNA was isolated from colon or indicated cell type using the Omega Total RNA Kit according to the manufacturer’s protocol. cDNA was generated using the RNA to cDNA Ecodry Premix Kit (Clontech) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. cDNA was used as a template for quantitative real-time PCR using SYBR Green Master Mix (Roche), and gene-specific primers (18 (link)). PCR analysis was performed using a MyiQ5 ICycler (BioRad). Gene expression was normalized relative to Gapdh.