The acid phosphatase (ACP) assay was used to measure cell viability as described previously (12 (link)). Briefly, 5000 cells/well in the 96-well plate were seeded and incubated with different concentrations of glucose or treated with Mdivi-1 (10 μM) for 3-days. Alternatively, clonogenic cell survival was performed 48-hr after nutrient deprivation. Cells were trypsinized, combined with suspended cells, and total 100 cells were reseeded in 6-well plate for 2-weeks as described previously (7 (link)). Apoptosis was analyzed by Annexin V/Propidium iodide (PI) staining (BD Pharmingen) as described previously (12 (link)).