Before a relocation system with a built-in characterizer could be prepared, the potential characterizers had to be characterized themselves. A detailed description is given in ESI (SI-1, step 1). Briefly, a sharp nitride lever tip (k = 0.12 N m−1, SNL-10, Bruker, USA) was characterized by scanning a titanium roughness sample (RS-12M, Bruker, USA, ESI-Fig. 1a) in Peak Force Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping (PFQNM) mode in air with an atomic force microscope (AFM, Dimension Icon, Bruker Corporation, USA) and further used as built-in characterizer for the kaolinite modified probe. The titanium roughness sample allows the characterization of the very end of the AFM tip25 (link) which was needed to precisely define the dilation length of the ∼40 nm thick kaolinite sheets. As a characterizer for the bacterial modified tipless probe, the more elongated Tap150A probe (k = 5 N m−1, Bruker, USA) was characterized by tapping mode using a test grating TGT1 (NT-MDT Spectrum Instruments, USA). The TGT1 characterizes the overall tip shape at a sub-micron scale, which was essential for the morphology imaging of the bacteria in μm scale. We always used the frame down command, i.e., a horizontal fast scan direction. The resultant images were flattened by first order and subjected to blind tip reconstruction analysis using NanoScope Analysis software (version 8.15, Bruker).