Holographic 3D Late Gadolinium Enhancement

In-vivo and ex-vivo CMR imaging were performed to generate holographic 3D LGE models as described in the previous section. CMR imaging was performed using a 1.5 T Philips scanner (Philips Achieva, Best, Netherland) with a 32-element cardiac phased-array receiver coil. For in-vivo imaging, high-resolution 3D LGE images with random under-sampled accelerated acquisition [42 (link)–45 ] were acquired 15–25 minutes after injection of 0.2 mmol/kg gadobenate dimeglumine (MultiHance; Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy). A respiratory navigator with adaptive acquisition window [47 (link)] was used for prospective motion correction. Imaging parameters were as follows: gradient echo imaging sequence; TR/TE = 6.1/2.7 ms; field of view = 270×270×112–280×280×112 mm³; flip angle = 25°; isotropic spatial resolution = 1.0×1.0×1.0 mm³. Ex-vivo imaging was performed using high-resolution 3D gradient echo sequence with the following imaging parameters: TR/TE = 17/8 ms; field of view = 130×130×100 mm³; flip angle = 25°, isotropic spatial resolution = 0.4×0.4×0.5 mm³.