Xenopus CSF and interphase extracts were prepared as described (Castilho et al., 2009 (link)). HeLa cells were extracted in ice-cold phosphatase buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1 mM EGTA, 0.25% NP-40) according to Singh et al. (2010) (link), or M-PER mammalian cell lysis buffer (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL) with the same results. A 1:100 dilution of EDTA-free Proteoblock protease inhibitor (Thermo Scientific) was added to both extraction buffers. Drosophila whole larvae or larval brains were homogenized with a pestle in phosphatase buffer as above, to which was added a 1:100 dilution of phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF; Thermo Scientific), a 1:50 dilution of Halt protease inhibitor cocktail (Thermo Scientific), and a 1:100 dilution of a 100 mg/ml stock solution of soybean trypsin inhibitor (AMRESCO, Solon, OH; catalog number M191).
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