Aliquots of urine samples were analyzed for exposure biomarkers at NSF International (Ann Arbor, MI), and extensive details on protocols have been previously described (Aung et al. 2019a (link); Ferguson et al. 2015b (link), 2017 (link); Kim et al. 2018 (link)). Quantification of exposure analytes were based on protocols and methods developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for use in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We measured 17 trace metals using a Thermo Fisher iCAP RQ inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer with a Teledyne CETAC Technologies ASX-520 autosampler. We used isotope dilution liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC-MS/MS) to quantify 8 PAH metabolites, 7 phenol-derived compounds, and 4 parabens. Finally, we quantified 9 phthalate metabolites using high-performance LC–electrospray ionization–MS/MS (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Figure 1 shows each exposure analyte according to its toxicant subclass and indicates abbreviations for each analyte. All exposure analytes that were below the limit of detection (LOD) were imputed by dividing the LOD value by the square root of 2.