All reagents used for device fabrication and sensing were utilized without further pre-treatment. ARS, a commercially available river sample with trace elements in river water (Elevated Level, NMIJ CRM 7202-c, Supplementary Table S1 ), and iron(III) nitrate enneahydrate (Fe3+) were obtained from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Co., Ltd. The target metal ions including cobalt(II) perchlorate hexahydrate (Co2+), calcium perchlorate tetrahydrate (Ca2+), lead(II) perchlorate trihydrate (Pb2+), cadmium perchlorate hydrate (Cd2+), nickel(II) perchlorate hexahydrate (Ni2+), copper(II) perchlorate hexahydrate (Cu2+), magnesium perchlorate hexahydrate (Mg2+), aluminum perchlorate non-ahydrate (Al3+), mercury(II) perchlorate hydrate (Hg2+), and zinc perchlorate hexahydrate (Zn2+) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The building blocks of the chemosensors purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. were 3-NPBA, BPR, PR, and PV. A buffer material purchased from DOJINDO was 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES). All aqueous solutions were prepared using Milli-Q water (18.2 Ω cm).
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