Western blot analysis of total protein in cell lysates from cultured rat and/or human CCA cell lines was carried out as previously described (17 (link), 20 (link)), with the following primary antibodies purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc (Santa Cruz, CA): S1PR2 (H64), S1PR3 (H70), ERK1 (C16), ERK-2 (C-14), p-ERK (E-4), Akt1/2/3/ (H-136) and p-Akt1/2/3/ (ser473). S1PR1 (Ab23695) was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA). Protein bands were normalized against β-actin, detected with mouse monoclonal anti-actin antibody (ACTN05) from Thermo Scientific (Wilmington, DE).