The following information was independently extracted from each article by 2 trained investigators (D.A.M. and M.A.R.) using a standardized form: study design, geographic location, years of survey, specialty, postgraduate level, sample size, average age of participants, number and percentage of male participants, diagnostic or screening method used, outcome definition (ie, specific diagnostic criteria or screening instrument cutoff), and reported prevalence of depression or depressive symptoms. The most comprehensive publication was used when there were several involving the same population of residents. A modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of nonrandomized studies included in systematic reviews and meta-analyses.17 (link) This scale assesses quality in several domains: sample representativeness and size, comparability between respondents and nonrespondents, ascertainment of depressive symptoms, and statistical quality (full details regarding scoring are provided in eMethods 2 in the Supplement). Studies were judged to be at low risk of bias (≥3 points) or high risk of bias (<3 points). All discrepancies were resolved by discussion and adjudication of a third reviewer (S.S.).