Sections from the hypothalamus were processed for Fos immunohistochemistry as done previously (Mahler and Aston-Jones, 2012 (link)). Briefly, every 6th section through the hypothalamus was selected to visualize orexin neurons throughout the longitudinal axis of the lateral hypothalamus. Sections were incubated in a rabbit anti-Fos primary antibody overnight (1:1000; Millipore ABE457), followed by 2 hours in a donkey anti-rabbit secondary (1:500, Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, PA). The same sections from the hypothalamus were then processed for Orx-A immunohistochemistry in a goat anti-Orx A primary antibody overnight (1:1000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) and then incubated for 2 hours in a donkey anti-goat secondary antibody (1:500, Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, PA).