Osteoclasts cultured on plastic were stained using the Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) Kit (Sigma-Aldrich), following the manufacturer's instructions. Osteoclasts differentiated on bone slices were stained using alendronate conjugated to Alexa Fluor 488,24 (link) TRITC-conjugated phalloidin (Sigma-Aldrich) and TO-PRO-3 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). To evaluate bone resorption, the same bone slices were used for toluidine blue staining as previously described.25 (link) TRAP and toluidine blue images were acquired on a Zeiss AxioImager M2m microscope, while immunofluorescence staining images were acquired on a Leica TCS SP5 Laser Scanning Confocal microscope.
Quantification of CTX-I was performed on culture supernatants using CrossLaps for Culture (CTX-I) ELISA (Immunodiagnostic Systems), according to the manufacturer’s instructions.