For HPLC-ESI-MS analyses of the flavonoids, we followed the method of Yi et al. (2016 (link)) with modification. Experimental standards of cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, astilbin, phloridzin, rutin, quercetin-3-O-arabinoside, quercetin, and luteolin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany); experimental standards of 4-O-coumaroyl quinic acid, procyanidin B2, (-)-epicatechin, and taxifolin-3-O-glucoside were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Poole, U.K.); data obtained for experimental standards and information regarding the identified compounds were combined to identify the flavonoids.
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