Both urine and plasma samples were used to measure endogenous biomarkers (see Figure 1 for details and abbreviations for each analyte and biomarker). We measured inflammatory markers in plasma samples at the University of Michigan Cancer Center Immunology Core, including four cytokines using the Milliplex Multiplex Assay Simultaneous High Sensitivity Human Cytokine Magnetic Bead Panel (EMD Millipore Corp.) and C-reactive protein using a DuoSet enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (R&D Systems). We quantified plasma concentrations of the angiogenic biomarkers PGF and sFlt-1 using the ARCHITECT immunoassay (Abbott Laboratories). In addition, we measured a panel of 53 eicosanoids in plasma using a 6490 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Agilent). Three unique protein damage markers NY, DY, and CY) were measured in plasma samples using ESI-MS/MS. Finally, two oxidative stress markers were measured in urine samples at Cayman Chemical: 8-IP, which was quantified via affinity column chromatography and enzyme immunoassay, and 8-OHdG, which was quantified with direct dilution and enzyme immunoassay. Endogenous biomarkers that were below the LOD were imputed with the LOD value divided by the square root of 2. More extensive details on analysis and measurement of endogenous biomarkers have been previously described (Aung et al. 2019b (link); Ferguson et al. 2017 (link)).