Patients who qualified the following criteria were included in the study: (1) age > 18 years and < 80 years; (2) ICU length of stay > 48 h. Patients who qualified any of the following criteria were excluded: (1) nervous system diseases such as cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, meningitis, intracranial infection, craniocerebral injury, Parkinson’s, and brain tumor; (2) post-cardiopulmonary resuscitation or cardiac arrest; (3) pulmonary encephalopathy, hepatic encephalopathy, diabetic hyperosmolar coma, unexplained coma, and other diseases that may affect cognitive function; (4) patients with mental disorder, dementia/pre-dementia, or intellectual disability; (5) history of pesticide poisoning, drug poisoning, chronic alcohol abuse (consumption of alcohol for > 5 years, daily ethanol intake ≥ 80 g, calculation formula: ethanol volume (g) = consumed volume (mL) × ethanol concentration × 0.8); (6) Abuse of drugs such as hypnotics and anesthetics; (7) hearing impairment or visual impairment and inability to complete the cognitive assessment; (8) accepted pharmacological or non-pharmacological cognitive interventions; unwilling or unable to cooperate with assessment (e.g., due to tracheotomy).
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