The Hoechst/PI assay and total neurite outgrowth assessment were conducted according to a previous study (14 (link)). For the Hoechst/PI assay, Hoechst (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) and PI (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) were added to the medium at 37°C followed by incubation for 30 min. Images were acquired using an inverted fluorescence microscope (Leica Microsystems GmbH), and the cell apoptotic rate was calculated by counting the total cells and damaged cells. For the total neurite outgrowth assessment, the cellular morphology was observed on a fluorescence microscope (Leica Microsystems GmbH; magnification, ×200) in 5 randomly selected fields of view. The neurite outgrowth of each cell was measured by imaging software Image Pro Plus (v6.0; Media Cybernetics, Inc.), and the total neurite outgrowth per cell was calculated as follows: total length of neurite outgrowth / number of included cells.