Total RNA was isolated using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen Inc., Redwood City, CA) with on-column DNase digestion using the RNase-Free DNase Set (Qiagen Inc., Redwood City, CA). Following reverse transcription into cDNA with the Transcriptor First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Roche Applied Sciences, Indianapolis, IN), samples were analyzed by real time PCR on a 7500 Real Time PCR System instrument (Applied Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, CA) using EagleTaq Universal Master Mix (Roche Applied Sciences, Indianapolis, IN). Target gene expression was normalized to 18S rRNA expression. The primers and probes used in this study are displayed in S7 Table, or have previously been described [24 (link),62 (link)–65 (link)]. Note that, although there was insufficient mRNA from biopsy samples to perform extensive qRT-PCR validation of gene expression, in contrast to microarray, RNA-Seq has high concordance with qRT-PCR data [28 (link)].
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