Milk samples were analyzed for specific components using an LC–MS platform (Thermo, Ultimate 3000 LC, Q Exactive), and sample preparation was performed as per our previously published procedure (Wang et al. 2018 (link); Tong et al. 2019 (link)). The following steps were conducted by Majorbio Bio-Pharm Technology Co., Ltd. Analysis of metabolomics data was performed with Progenesis QI (Waters Corporation, Milford, USA) to match MS and MS/MS mass spectrum information with that in the metabolism database. The retention time (RT), m/z, observation data (samples) and peak intensity were normalized using Microsoft Excel 2017. Screened differential metabolites were characterized using the https://metlin.scripps.edu/public database, a self-built database for the Majorbio I-Sanger Cloud Platform (www.i-sanger.com) and KEGG pathway analysis (www.metaboanalyst.ca/).
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