The paraffin-embedded tissues were sectioned into 3-μm-thick slides. According to standard histological protocols, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was conducted. For immunohistochemistry (IHC), the following primary antibodies were used to incubate the slides, respectively, after blocking: bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS; HycultBiotech #HM6011, Netherlands), lipoteichoic acid (LTA; Santa Cruz, #sc-57752, United States), occludin (Servicebio #GB111401, China), and zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1; Servicebio #GB111981, China). IHC quantification involved the calculation of positive areas (occludin and ZO-1) using Aipathwell software (Version 2.0, Servicebio, China).
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